[Answer] 1. In 1991, Georgia once again emerged as an independent nation state. Why?

Step 1 : Introduction to the question "1. In 1991, Georgia once again emerged as an independent nation state. Why?"

...1. Because it emerged from the crumbling British Empire 2. Because the United States Commonwealth dissolved, leaving Georgia independent along with Guam and the Philippines 3. Because it was carved out as part of the settlement of the Persian Gulf War 4. Because the Soviet Union it had been part of since 1921 disintegrated Mikhail Gorbachev ascended to Soviet leadership in 1985 and immediately began instituting democratic and market economy-based reforms to revitalize the USSR's stagnating economy. The easing of strict Communist controls on media and market channels fostered a growing sense of local autonomy and a willingness of local governments to defy central authority. The USSR's remaining satellite states in Eastern Europe broke ties with the USSR in rapid succession, as exemplified by 1989 dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the toppling of almost all communist-era governments in the region. In March of 1990, Lithuania declared nominal independence and refused to participate further in Soviet politics. Several other Soviet Republics followed suit. In March 1991, the USSR held a referendum on whether or not the union should be maintained. Although unionists won 76% of the popular vote, six republics, including Georgia, refused to vote altogether. Shortly thereafter, Georgian leader Zviad Gamsakhurdia organized a vote on Georgian independence, which passed in a landslide. Georgia formally declared independence on April 9, 1991, and the Soviet Union formally dissolved on December 8, 1991. In a demonstration of its distance from the other former Soviet republics, Georgia declined to join the loose Commonwealth of Independent States providing mutual support between former USSR members. (Georgia would join the CIS later in 1994, but left again in 2008.)

Step 2 : Answer to the question "1. In 1991, Georgia once again emerged as an independent nation state. Why?"

Because the Soviet Union it had been part of since 1921 disintegrated:

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